Abstract Misinformation has become a major problem in virtually all societies. The emergence of deepfake AI technology has only exacerbated issues around misinformation and disinformation. One way to try to limit the negative effects of fake news and false information in a society is media literacy. This study focused on …

In contemporary conflicts, knowing the enemy—the first lesson in any war—has become elusive. With fewer boots on the ground, less interstate conflict, and more fractured and violent terrorist factions, knowing exactly who one is fighting has become increasingly difficult. Accordingly, information warfare, the control of the narrative, has arguably become …