Scroll down for Arabic abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed an information crisis, labeled an “Infodemic”. This study explores the methodology of debunking fake news related to the pandemic on independent Arabic fact-checking websites. The study’s results are derived from a textual and visual analysis of the content related to …

Scroll down for the Arabic abstract. This paper examines the content and impact of negative messages targeting the Egyptian state, its figures, and institutions. After laying out the relevant literature and history of the pertinent concepts such as fourth-generation warfare, media propaganda, rumors and framing, this analysis limits its data …